Month: August 2023

Categories
Economics International Relations

BRICS adds six more members to the BRICS Plus group

  • The BRICS alliance, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has issued invitations to six more countries: Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
  • This move aims to strengthen the Global South’s collective voice and promote multipolarity in the international arena.

Why are we debating this?

  • As BRICS membership grows, it reinforces its claim to represent over half of the world’s population and includes crucial oil-producing countries.
  • However, concerns have been raised about China’s growing influence within the alliance.

BRICS Plus: Emerging Role

  • Heft and Influence: The addition of new members strengthens BRICS’ status as a representative of the developing world. The alliance currently accounts for 40% of the global population and more than a quarter of global GDP. With the inclusion of additional members, it will now include about half of the world’s population as well as significant oil-producing nations.
  • Global Solidarity: Anti-US sentiment and a desire for multipolarity among countries in the Global South are driving BRICS growth. It provides a forum for nations to express solidarity and oppose Western-dominated narratives.

The Evolution of the BRICS and Their Geopolitical Context

  • BRICS Emergence: BRICS was founded in 2009 by Brazil, Russia, India, and China, with South Africa joining in 2011. The alliance’s goal was to highlight the economic potential of these rising markets.
  • While BRICS’ economic success has varied, geopolitical events such as the Ukraine war have catapulted it into a group with the capacity to challenge Western hegemony and present an alternative viewpoint.

New BRICS Member Dynamics

  • Unanimous Decisions: All BRICS members must agree unanimously on BRICS decisions. While Russia and China confront geopolitical challenges from the West, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain close ties with the US and Europe.
  • China’s Role: China is driving BRICS expansion, making membership expansion a priority item on the agenda.
  • Inclusion of Iran: The inclusion of Iran demonstrates China and Russia’s influence, underlining their teamwork. This decision joins regional enemies Saudi Arabia and Iran under the same group, highlighting China’s mediation efforts.
  • Saudi Arabia’s Shift: Saudi Arabia’s membership signifies the country’s pursuit of a more independent foreign policy, departing from its historic US relationship.
  • Iran and Russia Have Global Importance: For Iran and Russia, BRICS membership represents global cooperation as well as a challenge to Western dominance.

Implications for India

  • The participation of India in the G7 and Quad summits demonstrates its diversified foreign policy strategy. While engaging in Western alliances, India values its “anti-Western” posture within BRICS.
  • BRICS as a Non-Western Bloc: India regards BRICS as a “non-Western” group and works hard to maintain its independent voice inside the alliance.
  • Concerns for India: As the BRICS expand, there are fears that the organisation would become more oriented towards China, thereby undermining India’s interests.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/24/five-brics-nations-announce-admission-of-six-new-countries-to-bloc#:~:text=From%20the%20beginning%20of%20next,the%20expansion%20as%20%E2%80%9Chistoric%E2%80%9D.
Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

Vital link between Soil Micronutrients and Human Health

  • A recent study has found a strong link between soil micronutrients and human nutritional outcomes, notably in children and adult women.
  • The study, titled “Soil Micronutrients Linked to Human Health in India,” emphasises that nutrient shortages in disadvantaged people are exacerbated by soil lack in critical minerals.

What exactly are soil micronutrients?

  • Micronutrients are important components that plants require in lesser amounts than macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium).
  • These micronutrients are essential in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes within plants.

Types of Micronutrients

Role in PlantsDeficiency Symptoms
Iron (Fe)Chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesisChlorosis (yellowing) of leaves
Manganese (Mn)Photosynthesis, enzyme activationInterveinal Chlorosis, poor fruit dev.
Zinc (Zn)Enzyme activity, protein synthesisStunted growth, small leaves
Copper (Cu)Enzyme activity, chlorophyll formationLeaf wilting, reduced growth
Molybdenum (Mo)Nitrogen fixation, enzyme activityPoor growth, yellowing of leaves
Boron (B)Cell wall formation, auxin synthesisDistorted growth, reduced fruit dev.
Chlorine (Cl)Osmotic balance, photosynthesisOsmotic imbalance, leaf damage
Nickel (Ni)Enzyme cofactorSpecific deficiency symptoms

Soil Micronutrients and Health Correlation

  • Soil-Zinc Relationship: The study indicates that districts with higher soil zinc content exhibit lower rates of child stunting and underweight, signifying the importance of soil zinc in nutritional outcomes.
  • Height and Soil Zinc: An increase in soil zinc availability corresponds to an increase in female height, implying a link between micronutrient-rich soil and human growth.
  • Soil Iron and Anaemia: The study found a link between soil iron availability and anaemia in women, as well as haemoglobin levels in both children and women.

India’s Implications

  • Soil Nutrient Deficiency: The study is significant for India, where over 35% of soil is zinc poor and roughly 11% is iron deficient.
  • Micronutrient Deficiency: India suffers from major micronutrient deficiencies, with nearly one-third of the global population affected. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia in the country.

Taking Care of Malnutrition and Stunting

  • Stunting and malnutrition: Malnutrition is a leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) loss, with a child stunting rate of around 39%, according to the Lancet’s Global Burden of Disease Study.
  • Insights from the Research: According to the findings of the study, a one standard deviation rise in adequate soil zinc is connected with a decrease in stunting and underweight among children.

Implications for Policy

  • Mitigation of Anaemia: The study implies that soil mineral availability could be a beneficial strategy for minimising the population’s broad prevalence of anaemia.
  • Wealthier homes: The association between soil zinc availability and childhood stunting is especially noticeable in wealthier homes, possibly because poorer households experience additional health constraints.
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37604890/#:~:text=The%20link%20between%20soil%20zinc,is%20strongest%20in%20wealthier%20households.
Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

The Fujiwhara Effect occurs when cyclones dance

  • The Fujiwhara effect has evolved as an intriguing and consequential phenomenon in the ever-changing fabric of Earth’s climate.
  • This delicate ‘dance’ between cyclones is gaining attention as storms strengthen owing to global warming.

Why in news?

  • Wet Weather: Earlier this year, California experienced an unusual rainy season with numerous wet storms known as ‘atmospheric rivers.’
  • The Fujiwhara Show: Something unusual happened during one of these storms—an effect named after a scientist. Let’s go into the specifics.

Understanding the Fujiwhara Effect

  • The Waltz of the Cyclone: Consider two cyclones (or large storms) whirling in opposite directions. When they approach close, they start dancing around a shared centre.
  • The Dance’s outcome: Depending on the strength of the cyclones, they may merge, spin together, or absorb each other.
  • Super Cyclone: If both cyclones are extremely powerful, they can combine to form a single mega cyclone that does significant damage.

Historical Background and Implications

  • The Fujiwhara effect was named after a Japanese scientist who discussed it for the first time in 1921. It was witnessed for the first time in 1964.
  • Effects Unleashed: This strange dance has the potential to be furious. It has resulted in high winds, smashed windows, and power outages in certain locations.
  • The Fujiwhara effect is difficult for weather specialists to predict. When two cyclones dance together, it’s difficult to foresee what will happen.
  • The Fujiwhara effect is appearing more frequently as a result of climate change. Experts say it’s because our planet is growing hotter and the oceans are warming.
  • Storms are becoming more powerful as a result of global warming. Typhoons in Taiwan, for example, have grown 35% stronger since 1977 as a result of warming oceans.

Implications

  • The Symphony of Nature: The Fujiwhara effect is similar to a nature concert, demonstrating how everything in our climate is interconnected.
  • Future twist: As storms become more intense, the Fujiwhara effect may become even more essential and difficult to comprehend.
  • The Fujiwhara effect informs us about our planet’s rhythm and the importance of caring for our habitat.
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/fujiwhara-effect-cyclones-dance-8905398/#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20National%20Weather,is%20called%20the%20Fujiwhara%20effect.
Categories
Polity

Article 371 Special Provisions of NE States

  • The Supreme Court recently assured that specific constitutional provisions under Article 371 protecting the interests of northeastern states will be preserved.
  • As the Constitution Bench considers the challenge to the repeal of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, we examine the relevance of these promises and their ramifications.

What is Article 371?

  • Article 371 of the Indian Constitution allows various states additional provisions to protect their distinct cultural and tribal identity.
  • These clauses attempt to protect local customs, social practises, and land ownership.

Context for Preserving

  • Tribal Culture: Article 371 makes special provisions for some states, particularly those in the northeast, to protect their tribal cultures and unique identities.
  • Article 371(A) – Nagaland: Article 371(A) ensures that acts of Parliament touching Naga religious and social practises, customary law, civil and criminal justice based on Naga customary law, and land and resource ownership do not apply to Nagaland.
  • The role of the State Assembly: These regulations only apply to Nagaland if the State Assembly passes a resolution to that effect.
  • Some stakeholders, such as the NDPP’s Neikiesalie Nicky Kire, say that Article 371(A) impedes development by preventing the government from carrying out development initiatives owing to landowner preferences.

Similar Laws in Other States

  • Article 371-G – Mizoram: Mizoram, like Nagaland, has unique measures to preserve Mizo religious and social practises, customary law, civil and criminal justice, and property ownership.
  • Article 371B – Assam: Article 371B supports the formation of the sub-state ‘Meghalaya,’ with the goal of providing particular provisions for Assam.

State-Specific Requirements

  • Article 371C – Manipur: This article discusses unique provisions for Manipur, a 1972 state.
  • Articles 371F and 371H – Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh: These articles consider particular provisions for Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, respectively, in order to satisfy their specific needs.
  • Separate Development Boards: Article 371 authorises the President to establish separate development boards for certain regions within Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh in order to promote balanced growth.

Other State-Specific Provisions, with the exception of NE

  • Articles 371D and 371E – Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Goa: These articles make particular provisions for these states’ cultural and economic growth.
  • Articles 371J and 371I – Karnataka and Goa: These articles grant Karnataka and Goa particular provisions to handle their specific needs.
Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wont-amend-special-provisions-for-northeastern-states-centre-to-top-court-101692816459217.html
Categories
Defence

The Astra BVR Air-to-Air Missile was successfully tested by the LCA Tejas

With the successful test launch of the indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile Astra, the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas has reached yet another milestone.

Indigenous Marvel of Astra Missile

  • The Astra missile is an indigenous air-to-air missile developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
  • Both the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Navy will use the missile.

Capability and Purpose

  • In air combat settings, Astra is designed to engage and eliminate high-speed, nimble aerial targets.
  • It has superior air combat capabilities and is capable of engaging numerous high-performance targets at the same time.

Integration of Aircraft

  • The Su-30MKI fighter jet, Mirage 2000 multi-role combat fighters, Tejas light combat aircraft (LCA), MiG-29 and MiG-21 Bison fighter planes, and the Indian Navy’s Sea Harrier jet fighter are all integrated with Astra.

Features and Specifications

(A) Design:

  • The missile is built for speed, precision, and dependability, with a high single-shot kill probability (SSKP).
  • Astra is roughly 3.8 metres long with a diameter of 178mm.
  • Its launch weight is approximately 160 kilogrammes.

(B) Advanced Variants:

  • The DRDO is working on an improved model known as Astra Mk-II.
  • The Astra Mk-II is predicted to have a range of 160 km.

(C) Guidance and Warhead:

  • For precise target tracking, the missile employs dual-mode guidance.
  • It has a high-explosive pre-fragmented warhead for effective engagement with threats.

(D) Propulsion and Performance:

  • The Astra missile is propelled by a single-stage, smokeless solid fuel propulsion system.
  • It can reach launch speeds ranging from Mach 0.4 to Mach 2.

(E) Launch Range and Agility:

  • The missile has a range of about 80 km.
  • It can engage moving targets while performing manoeuvres with up to 40 g turns around sea level.

Collaboration for Growth

  • Astra Mk-III, a missile derivative, is being developed in partnership with Russia.
  • The sophisticated solid fuel ducted ramjet (SFDR) engine technology is used in this model.
Source: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1951428#:~:text=Tejas%2C%20Light%20Combat%20Aircraft%20(LCA,altitude%20of%20about%2020%2C000%20ft.
Categories
Governance

India’s Path towards One Health Approach

The international spotlight on the ‘One Health’ idea is shining a light on India’s progress in incorporating this paradigm to improve its response to health concerns.

Despite its recent popularity, the One Health approach has historical roots.

  • Holistic Vision of the One Health Approach: The One Health approach recognises the intricate links between the health of humans, animals, plants, and their common environment.
  • Historical Background: Early manifestations of One Health can be seen in Hippocrates’ teachings, which were subsequently elaborated by 19th-century physician Rudolf Virchow, emphasising unity in animal and human treatment.

Addressing Contemporary Health Issues

  • Human development, urbanisation, and industrialization all contribute to biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption, supporting the spread of zoonotic diseases.
  • Zoonotic Diseases: Approximately 60% of developing human diseases are zoonotic, including Ebola, avian flu, and rabies.
  • Key Issues: The growth of antibiotic resistance, vector-borne diseases, and food safety highlights the importance of a comprehensive strategy.

The Influence of a Single Health Strategy

  • One Health promotes coordination between governmental units, decreasing resource demands and boosting cross-sector collaborations.
  • Economic Benefits: When compared to non-One-Health pandemic management options, One Health is economically smart, potentially saving billions.

Recent One Health Initiatives in India

  • COVID-19’s Influence: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the significance of the One Health strategy.
  • Indian Initiatives: In 2006, India formed a ‘Standing Committee on Zoonoses’ and launched the ‘National One Health Mission’ to coordinate activities.

The Transformation Process: Four Stages

  • Stage 1: Communication systems: Establishing systems for inter-ministerial communication and stakeholder involvement.
  • Stage 2: Collaboration: Knowledge and expertise exchange, role definition in zoonoses management.
  • Coordination: Long-term routine tasks directed by a specific agency to ensure seamless coordination.
  • Stage 4: Integration: Creating synergies across sectors to facilitate resource sharing and coordinated actions.

Facilitating Collaborative Science

  • Integrated Research: Aside from office sharing, integrated research environments that provide access to laboratories and biological samples are essential.
  • Sample Utilisation: Making efficient use of costly and ethical biological samples like blood and tissue improves collaborative research outputs.

@the end

  • The adoption of the One Health strategy by India indicates the country’s dedication to overall well-being.
  • India is creating the groundwork for comprehensive health solutions by recognising the interconnection of humans, animals, plants, and the environment.
  • India wants to overhaul its health environment, assuring resilience against new issues through a cohesive and holistic strategy, through ongoing initiatives and a vision to seamlessly integrate resources and knowledge.
Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/one-health-what-it-is-how-it-can-be-implemented-in-india-83673
Categories
Science & Tech

Success of Chandrayaan-3: Future Goals

  • After Chandrayaan-3’s lunar soft landing, the six-wheeled rover embarks on a voyage to discover the Moon’s mysteries.
  • The mission’s payloads and equipment will investigate lunar quakes, mineral compositions, and water-ice presence, building on the knowledge obtained by its predecessors.

Mission Chandrayaan-3: Journey after Soft Landing

  • The Arrival of Rover: The 26-kg rover, which was released from the Chandrayaan-3 lander, is expected to go up to 500 metres before beginning its lunar journey.
  • Duration: The lander and rover, each equipped with six payloads, are designed to acquire significant data in a single lunar day (14 Earth days).
  • Investigating Lunar Quakes: The Chandrayaan-3 mission aims to improve understanding of lunar quakes by building on previous research.
  • Mineral Composition: The rover’s mission includes studying the mineral compositions of the Moon’s surface to learn more about its geological history.
  • Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) Payload: The Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) payload aims to research the behaviour of electrons and ions near the lunar surface over time.
  • Thermal Properties: The Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) on the Moon will investigate the thermal properties of the Moon’s polar regions.
  • The Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) attempts to measure lunar quakes and research the composition of the Moon’s crust and mantle.
  • NASA’s LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA) is a passive experiment that will serve as a target for precision laser measurements in future flights.
  • Chemical Insights: The rover’s LASER Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) is meant to detect the lunar surface’s chemical and mineral composition.
  • Analysis of the Elements: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) will analyse elements in lunar soil and rocks such as magnesium, aluminium, silicon, potassium, calcium, titanium, and iron.
  • Mineral Mapping: The CLASS X-ray Fluorescence experiment provides precise mineral mapping by covering about 95% of the lunar surface. Oxygen-rich minerals have the potential to be used as fuel resources in future missions.

Previously, Chandrayaan: Pioneering Discoveries

  • The existence of water and hydroxyl molecules in the Moon’s atmosphere and surface, notably in its southern polar regions, was discovered by Chandrayaan-1.
  • Payloads like as mini-SAR and the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) discovered subsurface water-ice deposits within craters near the lunar South Pole.
  • Terrain Mapping on Chandrayaan-1 revealed subterranean lava tubes that potentially provide protected dwellings for people, sheltering them from radiation and severe lunar conditions.
  • M3 payload data supported the potential of a previous magma ocean on the Moon, pointing to its genesis and evolution.
  • Contrary to popular belief, Chandrayaan-1 discovered dynamic lunar phenomena such as volcanic activity shown by lava channels and vents less than 100 million years old.
  • Measurements revealed that the lunar surface interacts with the exosphere, as evidenced by the emission of carbon dioxide and other gases.
  • Solar riddles: The Solar X-Ray Monitor on the spacecraft of Chandrayaan-2 discovered solar microflares beyond active zones, shedding light on coronal heating riddles.
Source: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-landing-isro-indian-space-missions-independence-day-2421269-2023-08-15
Categories
Trivia

Can ‘Caste and Religious Stickers’ be placed on vehicles?

  • Recent challans issued by the Noida and Ghaziabad Police for displaying ‘caste and religious stickers’ on vehicles have sparked debate about the validity of such stickers.
  • This action, which is part of a particular drive, raises concerns about the junction of automobile regulations, social norms, and legal constraints.

Exploring the Legal Framework for Displaying Caste on Vehicles

  • Stickers with caste and religious symbols: The legality of these stickers is determined by the Motor Vehicle Act and Motor Vehicle Rules.
  • State Orders: Several state governments, like Uttar Pradesh, have issued orders prohibiting the affixing of caste and religious labels on vehicles, even on the body of the vehicle.
  • Stickers on the registration number plate are strictly prohibited under the Motor Vehicle Rules.

Stickers that Challenge Law Enforcement

  • Penalties for installing Such Stickers on Vehicles: The penalty for installing such stickers on vehicles is Rs 1,000, but it climbs to Rs 5,000 if the sticker is placed on the registration number plate.
  • Future Initiatives: The authorities have stated that they intend to conduct such efforts in the future.

Specifications for Number Plates and Violations

  • Number Plate Standards: According to the Motor Vehicle Rules, the number plate shall be a solid unit composed of 1.0 mm metal with the letters “IND” in blue on the extreme left centre.
  • Penalties for Violations: Penalties for non-compliant number plates are outlined in Section 192 of the MV Act, including fines of up to Rs 5,000 for the first offence and potential imprisonment and fines for consecutive offences.
  • 2019 Amendment: Following the 2019 MV Act amendment, fines for infractions were increased to a maximum of Rs 2,000.

Order Disobedience and Legal Consequences

  • In the instance of stickers on the body of vehicles, police are issuing challans under Section 179 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988.
  • Section 179 Specifics: Section 179 is concerned with “disobedience of orders, obstruction, and refusal of information.” According to the clause, violators can be fined up to Rs 500.
  • The fines for such offences have been enhanced to a maximum of Rs 2,000 as a result of the 2019 MV Act revision.
Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/can-vehicles-bear-caste-religious-stickers-8904393/
Categories
History

The Evolution of Madras to Chennai: A Historical Overview

  • Madras Day, observed on August 22, commemorates the founding of Madras, currently known as Chennai.
  • The East India Company (EIC) purchased the town of Madrasapatnam on August 22, 1639, creating the groundwork for the modern-day city of Chennai.
  • The EIC developed trading posts and fortified colonies throughout the eastern and western coasts, resulting in the establishment of Madras as an important hub.

Madras to Chennai transition

  • British authority: The region was under British authority until 1947, when India attained independence, and both the state and the city were referred to as Madras.
  • The state was officially renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969, and Madras was renamed Chennai in 1996 as a reference to its historical roots.

Madrasapatnam’s History and Importance

  • The origins of the name “Madras” are still being discussed, with suggestions ranging from local fisherman to churches to the phrase “pattinam” (coastal town).
  • Before the British arrived, Madrasapatnam had a history shaped by numerous kings, notably the Pallavas and Cholas.

Purchase and establishment of Madrasapatnam

  • Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak: Through his influence, the English were granted land between the Cooum and Egmore rivers in 1639, where Fort St. George was built.
  • Chennapatanam: In honour of Chennappa Nayak, the city around Fort St. George was named Chennapatanam, which later inspired the name “Chennai.”

Growth and Development in Cities

  • Chennai grew from Fort St. George and the Black and White towns into an important urban centre over the centuries.
  • Under Governor Elihi Yale, a mayor and Corporation were founded, and territories such as Egmore and Tondiarpet were acquired.

Evolution to Tamil Nadu and Chennai

  • Post-Independence Era: After British rule ended, Madras province became Madras State.
  • Various calls to rename the state Tamil Nadu gathered support, with K P Sankaralinganar’s protest in 1956 being a watershed point.
  • The renaming to Tamil Nadu was accepted by Parliament in 1968 and took effect in 1969.
  • Chennai’s Renaming from Madras in 1996 was part of a larger drive to shed colonial influences, yet British impact on the evolution of these names cannot be contested.

Identity Maintenance

  • The renaming of Madras to Chennai reflects not only a shift in nomenclature, but also the dynamic interplay between historical heritage, regional identity, and post-colonial aspirations.
  • The growth of the city exemplifies the numerous threads that weave India’s urban tapestry.
Source: https://chennai.nic.in/history/
Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

Northeast India’s Ecological Importance

A recent case concerning Umiam Lake in Meghalaya demonstrates the fragile balance in Northeast India between economic progress and environmental protection.

Umiam Lake and the Environment

  • PIL on Cleanliness: The Meghalaya High Court heard a PIL on the cleanliness of Umiam Lake, emphasising the importance of preserving natural beauty in the face of development.
  • Guidelines Inadequacy: The court observed that the Meghalaya Waterbodies Guidelines did not address the critical issue of unregulated building around waterbodies.

The Ecological Importance of the North East

  • Biodiverse Region: Northeast India is rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals, and fresh water. It is home to important biodiversity hotspots such as the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia hills and the Brahmaputra river.
  • Despite its industrial underdevelopment, the region’s fragile environment is threatened by deforestation, floods, and existing industry.

Environmental Protection Legal Framework

  • Environmental Laws: Several environmental laws were enacted in India, mainly in the 1980s. Environmental offences are classified as “public nuisance” under articles of the Indian Penal Code.
  • District Council Autonomy: The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution guarantees autonomy to District Councils, restricting state power over issues such as land use. This absence of regulation has an impact on land preservation near bodies of water.

The Role of Public Interest Litigation and Judicial Activism

  • PILs and judicial activism under Articles 32 and 226 have resulted in significant environmental litigation, imposing penalties and guidelines.
  • The National Green Tribunal slapped substantial fines on states such as Meghalaya and Manipur for unlawful mining and inappropriate waste management.

Ecology and Sustainable Development

  • The North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS) has a “Negative List,” which excludes firms that do not meet environmental criteria from receiving incentives.
  • To achieve balanced development, the “Act Fast for Northeast” policy should include both trade and commerce as well as environmental preservation.
  • Comprehensive Legislation is Required: It is critical to have consistent and comprehensive environmental law that addresses environmental concerns at all levels of government.
Source: https://trpenvis.nic.in/test/doc_files/BiodiversitySignificanceNEIndia_WWF.pdf
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