Month: March 2023

Categories
Economics

The Z-Morh pipeline is scheduled to open in April

The crucial Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Leh highway, which links Gagangir and Sonamarg, will be inaugurated next month in April.

What exactly is the Z-Morh tunnel?

  • The Zoji-Morh Tunnel, also known as the Z-Morh Tunnel, is a tunnel under development in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • The tunnel is being built at a height of 11,578 feet and will provide all-weather access to the Kashmir Valley.

Location

  • The Z-Morh tunnel is on National Highway 1D, the only path connecting the Kashmir Valley to the rest of India.
  • The tunnel is being built in the Zoji-Morh area, a high-altitude mountain pass on the Srinagar-Leh Highway.

It is under construction

  • The Z-Morh tunnel has a length of 6.5 kilometres and is anticipated to cost around Rs. 2,000 crore to complete.
  • The tunnel will have a two-lane carriageway and will be built with cutting-edge tunnelling equipment.
  • The National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited is in charge of carrying out the operation. (NHIDCL).

Significance

  • The tunnel is anticipated to provide all-weather connectivity to the Kashmir Valley, which is presently cut off from the rest of India due to heavy snowfall and avalanches during the winter season.
  • The tunnel will also save around four hours of travel time between Srinagar and Leh by eliminating the need to traverse the Zoji-Morh pass.
Source: https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/srinagar-lehs-z-morh-tunnel-to-be-ready-in-april-nitin-gadkari/amp_articleshow/99068304.cms
Categories
Governance

Public Policy Education is Required for the Development of Effective Policies

Government policies have a significant impact on a country’s destiny. They have an effect not only on economic growth and public welfare, but also on citizens’ quality of life. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of policymakers in India have formal education in public policy and administration.

Education in public affairs

  • The study and teaching of the principles, theories, and methods engaged in the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies that address societal problems is referred to as public policy education.
  • This field of study aims to provide students with the information and skills needed to successfully analyze, create, and manage public policies.

How are government policies, economic growth, and general welfare intertwined?

  • Policies of the government: Governments develop and implement policies to guide economic activity, keep social order, and support citizens’ well-being. Fiscal and monetary policy, trade policy, education, healthcare, social protection, and infrastructure development are all covered by these policies. These policies’ effectiveness can have a direct influence on economic growth and public welfare.
  • Economic growth is the increase in a country’s output of products and services over time, which is typically measured by the growth rate of GDP. (GDP). A growing economy usually leads to more jobs, higher income, and better living standards for citizens. Government policies have a significant impact on economic growth by influencing variables such as investment, consumption, trade, and innovation.
  • Public welfare refers to a society’s general well-being, which includes aspects such as income distribution, access to vital services, health, education, and environmental quality. Government policies can have a substantial effect on public welfare by allocating resources, setting priorities, and providing social safety nets.

A scarcity of programmes

  • According to the All-India Council for Technical Education, there are 3,182 institutions with an authorised intake of 4.22 lakh in business management programs, but only about 130 colleges and 29 institutes offer public administration and public policy programmes.
  • The batch size of public policy courses is 20-60, and there are few jobs open for individuals who complete such courses, which disincentivizes educational institutions and students from pursuing such courses.

Inadequate Exposure to Public Management

  • Most civil employees go through departmental induction training programmes that concentrate on their department’s role rather than how to make good public policies.
  • As a result, very few civil servants have prior exposure to public management, which is essential for developing effective policies.

Suggestions to boost public policy education in India

Public Management as a Compulsory Subject in UPSC:

  • Public administration should be made a mandatory topic for the UPSC civil service examination, either as a replacement for one optional subject or as an extra paper. This will encourage colleges and private institutions to provide public policy education, research, and case studies at the graduate or post-graduate level, resulting in a significant increase in public policy education.
  • Furthermore, civil servants who join the government would receive formal education in public management before entering service, and even those who do not advance to government positions would gain a better understanding and sensitivity to the complexities involved in public management, making them better citizens and effective private sector managers.
  • Induction Training Should Include a Greater Focus on Public Policy: Existing government training schools should include a greater focus on public policy as part of their induction training. A case study bank for training purposes should also be created.
  • Specialized Positions for Public Policy Analysts: The government can establish certain specialised positions for public policy analysts that can be filled directly from the market, thereby opening up new employment opportunities for graduates of public policy programmes.

@the end

Because of a lack of formal education in public management, governance has fallen behind private-sector management in terms of efficiency and efficacy. Public policy education is critical for creating effective policies that promote economic growth, public welfare, and enhance citizens’ quality of life.

Source: https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Categories
Science & Tech

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): The New Economic Backbone of India

India’s digital public infrastructure (DPI) is a one-of-a-kind modern marvel, bringing together the government, regulators, private sector, volunteers, startups, and academia to build a superstructure that provides consistent, affordable, and all-encompassing value to citizens, the government, and the corporate sector.

What is the digital civic infrastructure in India? (DPI)

  • The term “digital public infrastructure” (DPI) in India refers to a collection of technological systems, platforms, and services that allow the Indian government, businesses, and people to communicate digitally.
  • The DPI is also known as the India Stack because it was created through a unique collaboration between the government, regulators, the business sector, selfless volunteers, startups, and academia/think tanks.
  • Aadhaar (a biometric identity system), e-KYC (electronic know your customer), UPI (Unified Payments Interface), and DigiLocker are all components of the India Stack. (a cloud-based document storage system).

DPI in India

  • India was the first nation to create all three foundational DPIs: India became the first country to create all three foundational DPIs, digital identity (Aadhar), real-time fast payment (UPI), and a platform for securely sharing personal data without compromising privacy, through India Stack. (Account Aggregator built on the Data Empowerment Protection Architecture or DEPA)
  • In India, technological-legal regulatory frameworks are used to accomplish policy objectives through public-technology design.
  • For example, India’s DEPA provides individuals with technological tools to exercise their rights under applicable privacy laws. In a nutshell, this techno-legal governance system incorporates data protection principles into a public-technology stack.
  • DPI is the most feasible approach because of its cheap cost, interoperability, and scalable design, as well as its safeguards against monopolies and digital colonisation.

The private industry and Aadhaar

  • Aadhaar Rebirth: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision made Aadhaar the rocket ship that launched effective governance in India. Aadhaar is currently used in over 1,700 Union and State government programmes.
  • Aadhaar and the private sector: Following the Supreme Court’s upholding of privacy rights, Aadhaar is progressively being made available to the private sector. Aadhaar holders can use their Aadhaar numbers for private sector purposes freely, and regulated entities can keep Aadhaar numbers in secure vaults. These shifts are causing India Stack to leapfrog ahead.
  • Three modifications: The next leapfrogging of the India Stack will occur with three changes: voluntary use of Aadhaar for private sector purposes, sharing of Aadhaar data between government departments, and the establishment of a new private sector-friendly UIDAI.

DigiYatra and DigiLocker

  • The greenfield market innovation potential of India Stack can unleash a variety of services such as DigiYatra, which provides a free biometric-enabled seamless travel experience via facial recognition systems, and DigiLocker, which has 150 million users and six billion stored documents.
  • DigiLocker is being rolled out in a number of countries around the globe.
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-dpis-catching-the-next-wave/article66676393.ece
Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

How should India deal with its solar PV waste problem?

India’s solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is rapidly expanding, but effective waste management strategies for this field are still lacking. This article investigates the issues and gaps in solar PV waste handling in India.

Solar PV Waste in India

  • India has the world’s fourth-highest solar PV deployment, with roughly 62 GW installed by November 2022.
  • According to a 2016 International Renewable Energy Agency report, India could produce 50,000-3,25,000 tonnes of PV waste by 2030, and over four million tonnes by 2050.
  • The majority of solar PV installations in India use crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology, which comprises primarily of a glass sheet, an aluminium frame, an encapsulant, a backsheet, copper wires, and silicon wafers.
  • A standard PV panel is composed of 93% c-Si modules and 7% cadmium telluride thin-film modules.

The dangers of PV discharge

Some of the risks associated with solar PV waste include:

  • Pollution of the environment: The accumulation of solar PV waste in landfills can cause pollution of the environment because the waste includes hazardous materials such as lead, cadmium, and other toxic chemicals. The encapsulate is also incinerated, which emits sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen cyanide into the environment.
  • Health risks: Improper handling and disposal of solar PV waste can pose health risks to employees and residents living nearby. The waste’s toxic chemicals can cause respiratory difficulties, skin irritation, and other health problems.

Economy behind PV waste

  • Financial losses: Improper management of solar PV waste can result in financial losses for waste collection and treatment firms. In India, there is a limited market for repurposing or reusing recycled PV waste due to a lack of suitable incentives and schemes in which companies can engage.
  • Resource depletion: When solar PV waste is disposed of, precious resources such as silicon, silver, and other critical materials are lost, potentially leading to resource depletion.

PV Waste Recovery and Recycling

  • When PV panels reach the end of their useful life, some of the frame is extracted and sold as scrap; junctions and cables are recycled in accordance with e-waste standards; the glass laminate is partially recycled, and the remainder is discarded as general refuse.
  • By burning the module in cement kilns, silicon and silver can be extracted.
  • According to a report from 2021, roughly 50% of total materials can be recovered.

India’s Unique Challenges

  • India confronts difficulties in collecting, storing, recycling, and repurposing PV waste.
  • In general, only about 20% of waste is recovered, and the remainder is handled informally, resulting in pollution of the environment.

Gaps in PV Waste Management-

  • Generalized as e-waste: Combining PV waste with other e-waste may cause confusion, so special provisions for PV waste treatment within the scope of e-waste guidelines are required.
  • PV waste is classified as hazardous waste in India, and there is a need for pan-India sensitization campaigns and PV waste management awareness activities.

Why is it necessary for India to move now?

  • Given the rate at which these panels are being installed throughout the nation, India is expected to generate massive amounts of waste over the next 20 years.
  • By 2050, India is anticipated to be one of the top five photovoltaic waste producers in the world.
  • As a result, India must implement clear policy directives, well-established recycling strategies, and increased collaboration to avoid being caught off guard by a new issue in the future.

Key recommendations

Policymakers should:

  • Enact a prohibition on the dumping of waste modules in landfills by various organisations.
  • Create a waste control regulation for PV modules.
  • Introduce incentives such as green certificates to level the playing field and promote business recycling and mineral recovery.

Industries should:

  • Improve the architecture of PV modules to reduce waste at the disposal stage. This can include using less toxic minerals in design or using a ‘design to disassemble’ strategy.
  • Invest in the reuse of subpar components to postpone waste generation.
  • Collaborate with research institutes to create recycling methods and provide funding for pilot demonstrations.
  • Create novel business models for managing and financing waste disposal.

Way forward

  • India must prioritise local R&D efforts because relying on a single module type will deplete certain natural resources unevenly.
  • It is essential to increase recycling capacity and recover critical materials.
  • This can be accomplished by developing specific provisions for PV waste treatment, conducting pan-India sensitization drives and awareness campaigns, promoting domestic R&D efforts, and providing sufficient infrastructure facilities and funding.
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-solar-push-looming-waste-management-challenge/article66674910.ece#:~:text=Instead%2C%20India%20should%20formulate%20and,the%20Extended%20Producer%20Responsibility%20Rules.
Categories
Economics

Beyond Food Security, SMART-PDS Has Transformative Potential

The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), which provides food security to 81.35 crore people every month, is governed by India’s National Food Security Act, 2013. The government is currently executing the Scheme for Modernization and Reforms in the Public Distribution System Using Technology. (SMART-PDS). This project generates massive amounts of data that can be used to enhance the delivery of other government schemes and welfare programmes.

Existing challenges for TPDS

  • Leakage and diversion of food grains: One of the most pressing issues in the TPDS is the leakage and diversion of food grains meant for beneficiaries, leading to corruption and losses in the system. This problem is primarily due to poor monitoring, lack of transparency, and weak enforcement mechanisms.
  • Inaccurate targeting of beneficiaries: The TPDS often suffers from errors in identifying eligible beneficiaries, resulting in the exclusion of deserving households and the inclusion of ineligible ones. This misidentification can be attributed to outdated data, lack of verification mechanisms, and manipulation of records.
  • Inadequate supply chain management: The TPDS confronts logistical challenges in transporting, storing, and distributing food grains across the vast nation. Inadequate storage facilities, inadequate transportation networks, and delays in procurement and distribution all add to system waste and inefficiencies.
  • Benefit portability was limited until lately, which meant that beneficiaries could only get their food grains from designated Fair Price Shops (FPS) in their home states. This restriction made it challenging for migrant workers and their families to obtain the benefits to which they were entitled.
  • Lack of transparency and accountability: Corruption, fraud, and record manipulation are widespread problems in the TPDS, owing in part to the system’s lack of transparency and accountability. These issues are exacerbated by the lack of real-time monitoring and the dependence on manual record-keeping.
  • Many Indian states and union territories encounter technological constraints when adopting IT-based solutions for TPDS operations. Access to IT hardware, software, and technical personnel can stymie the implementation of technology-driven changes such as electronic point of sale (ePoS) devices and biometric authentication systems.

What is SMART-PDS?

  • The Indian government’s SMART-PDS (Scheme for Modernisation and Reforms through Technology in Public Distribution System) programme aims to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of the country’s Targeted Public Distribution System. (TPDS).

The SMART-PDS initiative’s main goals

  • Food grain leaking prevention: SMART-PDS seeks to reduce food grain diversion and pilferage by leveraging technology, ensuring that the intended beneficiaries receive their fair share of food subsidies.
  • Improving distribution chain efficiency: The programme aims to streamline the supply chain from procurement to distribution by incorporating technology-driven solutions such as electronic point of sale (ePoS) devices, real-time monitoring, and tracking systems.
  • Data-driven decision-making: The TPDS ecosystem’s Data Analytics generates critical information about beneficiaries, food security needs, and migration patterns, addressing the long-standing challenge of credible and dynamic data for the efficient delivery of central welfare schemes to vulnerable sections of society.
  • Convergence and AI integration: The national leadership’s drive for cross-ministerial convergence and AI integration has the potential to transform both people and governments by bringing accountability across all programmes.
  • PDS reforms driven by technology: The Centre intends to standardise PDS operations through technology merging with FCI, CWC, transport supply chain, Ministry of Education, Women and Child Development, and UIDAI. This is anticipated to overcome state-level technological limitations in PDS operations and to establish a centralised integrated system for all PDS-related operations across states/UTs.
  • Aadhaar authentication and ePoS devices: With 100% digitization of ration cards and the installation of ePoS devices, Aadhaar authentication accounts for nearly 93% of total monthly allotted foodgrains.

Integrated Public Distribution System Management (IM-PDS)

  • The government has launched the IM-PDS in order to execute One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC), establish a national-level data repository, and integrate data infrastructure/systems across ration card management, foodgrain supply chain, and FPS automation.
  • Since its inception in 2019, the ONORC plan has registered over 100 crore portability transactions.

Benefits of SMART-PDS go beyond rationing.

  • SMART-PDS data has become a tool for central ministries and state governments, benefiting programmes such as the e-Shram Portal, Ayushman Bharat, and the PM-SVANidhi Yojana.
  • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoAFW) intends to map beneficiaries using ONORC/ration card data, and seamless nutrition monitoring from ICDS centres to PM Poshan will become a reality with Aadhaar numbers for the recently born.

@the end

Beyond food security, SMART-PDS has the potential to enable data-driven decision-making, convergence, and integration with AI for better delivery of central schemes and welfare programmes across India.

Source: https://www.academia.edu/38454760/ENSURING_FOOD_SECURITY_THROUGH_REVAMPED_PUBLIC_DISTRIBUTION_SYSTEM
Categories
Highlights from Newspaper

Important articles @ The IndianExpress—31 Mar, 2023

(Important articles for UPSC)

City

  • Why capital tops list of six polluted spots across Indo-Gangetic plain

Govt & Politics

  • War shadow over G0 Sherpa meet in Scenic Kerala Village
  • Defence projects worth crores inked before fiscal ends
  • After 108 women officers 40 more set to get colonel rank

Editorial

  • Not noble
  • Losing steam
  • Court and Climate

Ideas Page

  • A disrespect of boundaries

Explained

  • India and the Korean War
  • History and significance of the Sikh assembly that Amritpal wants Akal Takht to convene

World

  • Pak court srikes down sedition law
  • Spouse of H1B holders can pursue employment in America, rules judge

Economy

  • Govt scraps customs duty on costly drugs for rare diseases
  • Revised trade policy to be announced today, new incentive scheme unlikely
Categories
Highlights from Newspaper

Important articles @ The Hindu—31 Mar, 2023

(Important articles for UPSC)

Front Page

Business

World

News

Text & Context

Opinion

Editorial

States

Categories
International Relations

Saudi Arabia is poised to join the SCO.

Despite US security concerns, Saudi Arabia’s cabinet agreed to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as Riyadh builds a long-term partnership with China.

What is SCO?

  • The presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and China established the SCO in June 2001.
  • The grouping’s origins can be traced back to the post-Soviet era in 1996, when these nations, dubbed the “Shanghai Five,” came together.
  • Previously, it concentrated on regional security to work on regional security, border troop reduction, and terrorism.
  • Its primary emphasis has been on “conflict resolution,” which has resulted in early successes between China and Russia, as well as within the Central Asian Republics.

Its establishment

  • The presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and China established the SCO in June 2001.
  • The grouping’s origins can be traced back to the post-Soviet era in 1996, when these nations, dubbed the “Shanghai Five,” came together.
  • Previously, it concentrated on regional security to work on regional security, border troop reduction, and terrorism.
  • Its primary emphasis has been on “conflict resolution,” which has resulted in early successes between China and Russia, as well as within the Central Asian Republics.

Structure of SCO

The organisation has two permanent bodies —

  • The SCO Secretariat is headquartered in Beijing, and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) is headquartered in Tashkent.
  • The Council of Heads of State appoints the SCO Secretary-General and the Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO RATS for a three-year tenure.
  • However, the SCO council sessions alternate between the eight members. (including India and Pakistan).

Members of the SCO

  • Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and China are among the other countries named.
  • Both India and Pakistan are participants of this organization, having joined in 2017.
  • The SCO also has four observer countries: Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, and Mongolia, which may be admitted at a later point.
  • Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Egypt, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia are among the “Dialogue Partners.”

Primary objectives

  • The SCO’s main goals, as stated in its Charter in St. Petersburg in 2002, are as follows: Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among member states; Promoting effective cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research and technology, and culture, as well as education, energy, transportation, tourism, environmental protection, and other areas; Making joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security, and stability in the region; and Moving towards the est

Why did Saudi Arabia decide to join the SCO?

  • Saudi Arabia could benefit from increased trade and economic cooperation with member countries, especially China and Russia.
  • It may also acquire a stronger voice in regional security matters as well as access to the SCO’s anti-terrorism framework.
  • Furthermore, Saudi Arabia could assist the organisation in expanding its Middle Eastern impact and increasing its strategic weight in global affairs.
  • This is undoubtedly the result of straining relations with Washington.
Source: https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-agrees-to-join-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-as-a-dialogue-partner-1.94793231
Categories
Economics

The cost of essential medicines is expected to rise

Prices for 384 essential drugs and over 1,000 formulations are set to increase by more than 11% as the Wholesale Price Index rises sharply. (WPI).

Customer Implications

  • The WPI is used to calculate annual price increases for medicines on the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM).
  • Consumers will have to pay more for regular and necessary drugs, such as pain relievers, anti-infection drugs, cardiac drugs, and antibiotics, as a result of the price increase.

What are Essential Medicines?

  • Essential medicines, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), are those that meet the population’s most pressing healthcare requirements.
  • As a result, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare prepared and published India’s first National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) in 1996, which included 279 medicines.
  • The list is compiled with illness prevalence, efficacy, safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness in mind.
  • Such medications are meant to be available in sufficient quantities, in appropriate dosage forms and strengths, and with guaranteed quality.
  • They should be affordable to a person or a community.

NLEM in India

  • Because the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) caps medicine costs and only changes them based on wholesale price index-based inflation, drugs designated under NLEM, also known as scheduled drugs, will be cheaper.
  • HIV, tuberculosis, cancer, contraception, hormonal drugs, and anaesthetics are among the anti-infective medications on the list.
  • They make for 17-18% of India’s estimated Rs 1.6-trillion pharmaceutical industry.
  • Companies that offer non-scheduled drugs can raise prices by up to 10% per year.
  • Once NLEM is published, the department of pharmaceuticals under the ministry of chemicals and fertilisers includes it in the Drug Price Control Order, after which the NPPA sets the price.

Who regulates Drugs prices?

Under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995-2013, the NPPA was established in 1997 to fix/revise prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations, as well as to enforce price and availability of medicines in the nation.

  • Its mandate is to execute and enforce the DPCO’s provisions in accordance with the powers delegated to it.
  • To handle all legal issues resulting from the NPPA’s decisions.
  • Monitoring drug supply, identifying shortages, and taking corrective action

The NPPA is also tasked with collecting and maintaining data on production, exports and imports, market share of individual companies, profitability of companies, and so on, for bulk drugs and formulations, as well as undertaking and/or sponsoring pertinent studies on drug/ pharmaceutical pricing.

What is the selling mechanism?

  • The drug regulator allows an increase in Scheduled Drug prices each year in accordance with the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), and the yearly change is controlled and rarely exceeds 5%.
  • However, pharmaceutical industry participants noted out that input costs have risen in recent years.
  • The pharmaceutical business lobby has long advocated for the increase.
  • The prices of all medications covered by the NLEM are regulated.
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/price-of-essential-medicines-including-painkillers-antibiotics-set-to-see-a-hike/article66672738.ece
Categories
Governance Science & Tech

Diabetes Types 1 and 2 in Children

The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) has written to all State/UT Education Boards, saying that schools must provide adequate care/facilities for children with Type 1 diabetes. (T1D).

What is Diabetes?

  • Diabetes is a chronic medical disease in which the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels is impaired.
  • Blood sugar, also known as blood glucose, is the body’s primary source of energy.
  • Insulin, a pancreatic hormone, aids the body’s use and storage of glucose from meals.
  • Diabetes occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot efficiently use the insulin that it does produce, resulting in high blood sugar levels.
  • High blood sugar levels can lead to severe health issues such as damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time.

Types of Diabetes

There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing pancreatic cells, culminating in insulin deficiency. Diabetes of this type is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can develop at any age. Survival needs insulin injections or pump therapy.
  • Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body becomes insulin resistant or fails to produce enough insulin to sustain normal glucose levels. Obesity, physical inactivity, and a poor diet are frequently linked with this type of diabetes. It is most commonly diagnosed in adults, but it is also becoming more prevalent in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes treatment may include dietary adjustments, oral medications, or insulin therapy.

Diabetes is a major problem in India.

  • According to the International Diabetes Federation Atlas 2021, India has the highest number of children and teenagers with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in the world. (TIDM).
  • In Southeast Asia, there are over 2.4 lakh TID cases.

TID mitigation measures for pupils

  • In 2017, a CBSE circular allowed students with T1D in Classes X and XII to bring certain eatables to the board exam hall in order to prevent low sugar episodes.
  • They can bring medications, snacks, water, a glucometer, and testing strips with them.
  • NCPCR recommends that states enable students to use smartphones to monitor their blood sugar levels.
  • Since 1988, Tamil Nadu has provided free insulin to infants with T1D.
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/children-with-type-1-diabetes-hope-for-a-sweeter-mittayi/article66517394.ece
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