Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

Hawaii’s Largest Volcano, Mauna Loa: About to Erupt

After 38 years, Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano in the world, erupted, engulfing Hawaii’s Big Island in ash and debris.

Mauna Loa

  • One of the five volcanoes that collectively make up Hawaii’s Big Island is Mauna Loa (biggest being the Mauna Kea).
  • The Hawaiian archipelago’s southernmost island is this one.
  • Although it is the largest and accounts for roughly half of the island’s land mass, it is not the tallest (that distinction belongs to).
  • The Kilauea volcano, which is currently erupting from its summit crater, is located directly to its immediate north.

Volcano eruption

  • The Earth becomes hotter as one descends further into the interior, near its core.
  • The geothermal gradient, which measures how much the temperature rises with depth on Earth, shows that heat is moving from the planet’s warm interior to the surface.
  • At a certain depth, the heat is intense enough to melt rocks and produce “magma,” as it is known to geologists.
  • Because magma is lighter than solid rock, it rises and gathers in magma chambers.
  • Between six and 10 kilometres below the surface, there are chambers that could potentially lead to volcanic eruptions.
  • Magma pushes its way up via fractures and cracks in the Earth’s crust as it accumulates in these chambers. We refer to this as a volcanic eruption.
  • The magma that surfaces on the Earth’s crust is referred to as lava.

Explosive eruption of Mauna Loa

  • The magma’s composition affects the explosiveness and intensity of eruptions.
  • Simply said, less explosive and often less deadly volcanic explosions result from runny magma.
  • Because the magma is runny, gases can escape and cause a constant, comparatively mild flow of lava to flow out of the volcano’s mouth.
  • This type of eruption is occurring at Mauna Loa. People usually have enough time to get away from the lava because it comes out slowly. Depending on the inclination and precise consistency of the lava, geologists can also forecast how it will flow.

How is vulcanism measured?

  • A scale called the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is used to gauge a volcano’s explosivity.
  • It ranges from 1 to 8, with a higher VEI signifying greater explosivity.
  • Although the VEI of the present Mauna Loa eruption is unknown, it was determined that the previous eruption in 1984 had a VEI of 0.
Categories
Culture of India

Awards for UNESCO heritage conservation

Telangana has brought honour to the entire nation by winning accolades on a worldwide scale. With a Distinction of Merit for two initiatives, the state has won twice at the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. The awards honour private citizens’ conservation activities.

Key Points

  • 13 projects from six nations—Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Nepal, and Thailand—have been acknowledged for rewards in 2022, including the restoration of stepwells inside the Qutb Shahi Tombs Complex in Hyderabad and the conservation work on the Domakonda Fort in Kamareddy district.
  • The “Award of Merit” has also been given to Topdara Stupa in Charikar, Afghanistan, and Nantian Buddhist Temple in Fujian, China.

Domakonda Fort

  • It was constructed as a private residence in the 18th century and features stucco work, arched pillars, a flat ceiling, and a courtyard with a pond. It has received UNESCO heritage conservation awards in Merit for its conservation efforts.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya

  • It was founded as the Prince of Wales Museum of Western India in 1922 and has won the Award of Excellence. It is a piece of Mumbai’s world heritage property’s Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles.

Qutub Shahi Tombs

  • The Qutub Shahi Tombs are home to domed structures, terraced gardens, intricate parapets, and exquisite ornamentation, all of which were planned and built by various monarchs who ruled the city and the state in the 18th century.
  • Every year, the Deccan Festival is held there, giving everyone the chance to see the engineering and architectural marvels of the period.
  • The tomb of Sultan Quli Qutub-ul-Mulk, the founder of the Qutub Shahi dynasty, is one of the most significant ones of the Qutub Shahi Tombs.
  • He was the longest overseer of the architectural project and built his own tomb in addition to deciding to construct tombs for non-ruling members of the royal families, such as sisters, nephews, and nieces.
  • The Qutub Shahi Tombs were constructed and honour the seven Qutub Shahi rulers and their families who ruled Golconda for almost 170 years.

Architecture

  • It was a grand royal necropolis in the distinctive Qutb Shahi architectural style. It is a blend of Hindu, Persian, Pathan, and Deccan styles of architecture.
  • It represents the Indo-Saracenic entrances, Persian minarets, domed structures, and intricately designed columns.
  • False openings, central pillars, and two-tiered terraces all play an important part in the architecture.

UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards

  • They are provided as part of UNESCO’s strategy plan for the Asia Pacific area.
  • Goal: To encourage the protection of Cultural Heritage sites, which is started by any individual organisation within the private sector or institutional organisation.

The Awards categories

  • Award of Excellence.
  • Award of Distinction.
  • Award of Merit.
  • Honourable Mention.
  • Award for New Design in Heritage Contexts
Categories
Science & Tech

Agnikul Launch Pad

Sriharikota now has the nation’s first launch pad that was created and is run by a private company.

Key Highlights

  • In 2020, Agnikul Cosmos and ISRO entered into a contract as part of the IN-SPACe effort, giving Agnikul permission to construct Agnibaan and its launch pads.
  • The Agnikul launch pad is India’s first and only private launch vehicle launch pad.
  • The facility was created at the Satish Dhawan Space Center (SDSC) in Sriharikota and was designed by Agnikul with assistance from ISRO and IN-SPACe.
  • There are two sections of the facility, and they are separated by 4 km.
  • The Agnikul mission control centre (AMC) and the Agnikul launch pad (ALP) (AMCC).
  • It also has the ability to exchange crucial information with ISRO’s Mission Control Center. Vikram-S is India’s first privately produced rocket, and the first launch was carried out under Mission Prarambh.

Agnikul Cosmos

  • Agnikul’s highly adaptable, two-stage launch vehicle, Agnibaan, was the first Indian business to clinch a contract with ISRO.
  • It supports plug-and-play configuration and can carry up to 100 kg of payload into low-earth orbits, which are 700 km high.
  • Agnilet, the first single-piece 3-D printed engine produced entirely in India by Agnikul, was successfully test-fired in early 2021.

Agnikul

  • Agnikul is an IIT Madras incubated startup that was founded in 2017 by Srinath Ravichandran, Moin SPM, and Professor S.R. Chakravarthy. In December 2020, Agnikul became the first Indian business to sign an agreement with ISRO.
  • This agreement, sanctioned under the IN-SPACe initiative, granted Agnikul access to the Indian space agency’s expertise and facilities to build Agnibaan and its launchpads.
Categories
Economics

Digital Rupee Pilot Project

The retail version of the digital rupee (e-R) will launch its first pilot programme on December 1st, 2022, according to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Where would be the pilot project launched?

  • Customers and merchants will be able to utilise the digital rupee (e-R), or e-rupee, in the four cities of Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Bhubaneswar, as part of the test.
  • The controlled introduction of the digital currency in these four cities will be carried out by four banks: State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank, and IDFC First Bank.
  • Ahmedabad, Gangtok, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kochi, Lucknow, Patna, and Shimla will all receive the service in the future.
  • The pilot will include participation from four additional banks: Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, HDFC Bank, and Kotak Mahindra Bank.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)

  • The CBDC/Digital Rupee is a digital currency issued by the RBI that is backed by assets such as gold, foreign exchange reserves, bonds, and other items that central banks recognise as monetary assets.
  • Although Bitcoin served as direct inspiration for the current notion of CBDCs, a CBDC is distinct from virtual currency and cryptocurrency.
  • Cryptocurrencies are not government-issued and do not have the legal tender status that has been established by the government.

Types of Digital Rupee

CBDC can be divided into two types according on how the digital currency is used and what functions it performs, taking into account the various accessibility levels:

  • It is an electronic version of cash primarily designed for retail transactions, general purpose (retail) (CBDC-R). Since it is a direct obligation of the central bank, it will be theoretically accessible to everyone, including the private sector, non-financial consumers, and enterprises. It can offer access to secure money for payment and settlement.
  • Wholesale (CBDC-W): It’s made with limited access to a few particular financial institutions in mind. In terms of operational expenses, the use of collateral, and liquidity management, it has the potential to revolutionise the settlement systems for financial transactions carried out by banks in the government securities (G-Sec) segment, the interbank market, and the capital market.

The forms of CBDC

  • E-rupee, or CBDC, can be set up as a token-based or account-based currency, according to the central bank.
  • Token-based CBDC: It would function as a bearer instrument, similar to banknotes, meaning that whoever is in possession of the tokens at any one time is assumed to be their owner. In doing so, the individual receiving a token will confirm that he actually is the owner of the token. Since it would be more similar to actual money, it is thought to be the ideal option for CBDC-R.
  • Account-based CBDC: This type of CBDC would need to keep track of all transactions and balances for each holder, as well as who is the rightful owner of any monetary amounts. In this situation, a middleman will confirm the account holder’s identification. For CBDC-W, this system may be taken into account.

The model for issuance

  1. The RBI is considering the direct model (single tier model) and the indirect model for the issuance and management of CBDCs (two-tier model).
  2. Direct model: In this case, the management of all facets of the digital rupee system, including issuance, record-keeping, and transaction verification, will fall under the purview of the central bank.
  3. An indirect model is one in which the role of the central bank and other intermediaries—such as banks and other service providers—is divided among them. In this approach, consumers will receive CBDC from the central bank indirectly through intermediaries, and the intermediary will handle any claims made by consumers.
Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

Managing the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation recently released a report named “EnviStats India 2022” that emphasised the monumental task of disposing of the solid waste produced by the States without endangering the environment.

About the report

  • Source and destination of solid waste: Using Delhi as an illustration, the paper generated the “physical supply and use tables” to identify the origin and final location of all different categories of solid waste in the nation’s capital.
  • Government data sources: Data were gathered for 2020–21 from each of the five urban local bodies and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee.

Case study of Delhi

  • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) of more than 40 lakh tonnes: Garbage (highly degradable stuff like food), trash (bulky materials like tree branches or outdated appliances), and rubbish are all examples of municipal solid waste (slowly decomposing items such as paper, glass, or metal).
  • The main contributions are households: The survey states that families produced 85% of Delhi’s MSW and businesses and restaurants produced 15%.
  • High C & D waste: In that same year, the city produced over 5.4 lakh tonnes of plastic waste, over 13 lakh tonnes of construction and demolition waste, around 11 thousand tonnes of bio-medical waste, and 610 tonnes of electronic waste.
  • Hazardous waste: 3,239 tonnes of hazardous waste were produced in Delhi. Sludge from factories, waste from industrial manufacturing processes, and batteries are examples of hazardous waste.

Disposal of waste

  • The majority of the municipal solid trash was disposed of in landfills; the other half was recycled and used again.
  • Incineration: While all of the building and demolition debris was recycled, about 35% of bio-medical waste was cremated. The ash produced during the incineration of bio-medical waste is dumped in landfills.
  • E-waste information is lacking: Since Delhi does not have an e-waste treatment or disposal facility, it is unknown how e-waste is disposed of.
  • Plastic into energy: According to the report, bulk consumers and refurbish collectors together collected 28.6 tonnes of the 610 tonnes of electronic waste produced in 2020–21. Notably, only 22% of plastic waste is turned into energy, with the remaining 37% being disposed of in landfills.

Municipal solid waste management rules 2016

  • Segregation at source: The new regulations require trash to be separated at the source in order to turn waste into riches through recovery, reuse, and recycling. Before delivering waste to the collector, waste generators would have to separate it into three streams: biodegradables, dry (plastic, paper, metal, wood, etc.), and domestic hazardous waste (diapers, napkins, insect repellents, cleaning products, etc.).
  • Collection and disposal of sanitary waste: The producers or brand owners of sanitary napkins are responsible for educating the generator about the disposal of such waste and must include a pouch or wrapper for disposal with each napkin or package of diapers they sell.
  • According to the regulations, brand owners who sell or market their products in non-biodegradable packaging materials are required to set up a method to collect back the packaging waste that was generated during manufacture.
  • User fees for collection: The new regulations have given local authorities in India the authority to choose the user fees. Municipal authorities will charge bulk generators user fees for collection, disposal, and processing.
  • Waste processing and treatment: It has been suggested that, to the greatest extent possible, biodegradable waste be processed, treated, and disposed of on the premises through composting or bio-methanation. Remaining waste should be given to the waste collectors or agency as instructed by the local authority.

Conclusion

The study EnviStats India 2022 showcases India’s achievements in solid waste management. However, problems still exist, and it is necessary to greatly reduce the amount of hazardous and electronic waste, landfills, and incineration, which are the sources of pollution.

Categories
Environment & Biodiversity

CCUS policy framework—NITI Aayog

A report on the policy framework for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage has been created by the NITI Aayog (CCUS).

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)

  • It entails either permanently storing carbon dioxide emissions hundreds of feet beneath the surface or utilising them to manufacture products like building materials (utilisation) (storage).
  • Emissions can be decreased by capturing carbon dioxide from industrial processes before it can escape into the atmosphere or by removing it directly from the atmosphere.
  • The carbon dioxide is subsequently recycled or delivered through a deep injection hole, where it is securely stored for all time.
  • Chevron is dedicated to making it work even though it’s a simple idea that needs infrastructure and policy considerations to achieve.

Steps involved in CCUS

  • Carbon dioxide storage is accomplished by separating CO2 from other gases created during industrial operations, such as those at steel or cement mills or coal- and gas-fired power plants.
  • Transport: The CO2 is then compressed and sent to a location for storage through pipelines, ships, or land vehicles.
  • Storage: The CO2 is lastly injected into underground rock formations for long-term storage.

NITI Aayog findings

  • In order for the nation’s CO2 emissions to be cut in half by 2050, CCUS will be essential.
  • The expense of the implementation procedures for the technology would be the main obstacle.
  • With the use of abundant coal resources and the creation of clean products, CCUS may help India become economically independent by lowering imports.
  • It is crucial in allowing emerging industries like coal gasification and India’s developing hydrogen economy.

Key sectors recognized for carbon utilization

  • Green urea can be made by electrolyzing water using renewable energy sources, CO2 that has been recovered, and green hydrogen that is cost-competitive. The conventional LNG/NG-based manufacture and import of ammonia and urea can be replaced or supplemented with green urea.
  • Applications in the food and beverage industry: CO2 is used in F&B applications including carbonated beverages, dry ice, and changed environment packaging, but the scales are much lower than with green urea.
  • Building materials (concrete and aggregates): In a developing nation like India, there is a sizable market for aggregates and concrete, offering an opportunity to use CO2 for the production of building materials through concrete curing and aggregate creation. These applications infuse CO2 in its liquid form without any conversion, which lowers the energy needs.
  • Chemicals (methanol and ethanol): Commercial-scale conversion of CO2 to methanol and ethanol from CO2 has been demonstrated in many regions of the world.

Why do this?

  • India’s annual CO2 emissions per person were around 1.9 tonnes, which was around one-fourth of China’s and less than 40% of the global average.
  • India requires a long-term strategy to decarbonize the industries that are responsible for 70% of its emissions.

Importance of CCUS

  • In order to achieve the Paris Agreement’s global net-zero aspirations, CCUS plays a crucial role in lowering the carbon intensity of industrial processes.
  • In fact, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Global Warming of 1.5 °C study, it won’t be able to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 without taking substantial mitigation measures.
Categories
Art & Culture

Eradicating the Menopause taboo

The National Health Services (NHS) in the UK has announced that menopausal women on their staff will be able to work from home if their symptoms necessitate it, which is about finding a middle ground at work.

In order to help middle-aged women “thrive” at work, NHS CEO Amanda Pritchard urged that other businesses should follow suit and those who are “silently suffering” should not be expected to “grin and bear it.”

Background

  • The situation that is starting the discussion: If nothing more, this action has at least sparked discussion on a topic that has hitherto been taboo in the workplace and used as an excuse to keep women from succeeding.
  • Erroneous belief that women may not be as productive workers: The end of a woman’s reproductive cycle, however, is perceived as her losing strength, drive, desire, endurance, enthusiasm, and capability, or, to put it another way, a cliff-jumping loss of her value in knowledge and experience, much like the end of pregnancy.
  • However, concerns regarding her comfort were never raised but rather on her value: A woman employee who surpasses the age threshold must once again establish her value. Is she as competent, is she able to think creatively, and can she work long hours? Never ask yourself, “Is she comfortable?” Sadly, her body of work is insignificant.
  • Women are forced to put themselves last because of constant pressure to prove their worth: And despite their painful episodes of endometriosis, heavy periods, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, hypertension, and palpitations, even self-assured women are compelled to overwork themselves in order to maintain their relevance by this constant pressure to live up to expectations. All of these are quite crippling, but with a little breathing room, they are all doable.

Menopause

A woman enters menopause 12 months after her last menstruation.

Although the term “menopause” is often used to describe the menopausal transition, genuine menopause doesn’t occur until a year after a woman has had her last menstruation.

Menopausal transition

  • Menopausal transition or perimenopause refers to the years preceding that time when women may experience changes in their monthly cycles, hot flashes, or other symptoms.
  • Most frequently, the menopausal transition starts between ages 45 and 55.
  • It typically lasts seven years, although it can last up to fourteen years.
  • The length of time can vary depending on lifestyle factors including smoking, the age at which it starts, and race and ethnicity.
  • The body’s production of the ovaries’ two hormones, progesterone and oestrogen, varies significantly throughout perimenopause.
  • Numerous body parts of a woman require oestrogen. One may experience a variety of symptoms as oestrogen levels drop. Mild symptoms are common in women and can be managed with a change in lifestyle. Some ladies don’t even need to be treated.

Signs and symptoms of menopause

  • Your cycle may have changed, and women’s periods may no longer be regular. They could last less time or more time. There could be more or less bleeding than normal.
  • Hot flashes are common in women and can last for several years after menopause. They might be connected with fluctuating oestrogen levels. A hot flash is an abrupt sensation of heat in the upper torso or throughout.
  • Disturbed Sleep: Some women had difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep around midlife.
  • Sexuality and vaginal health: Following menopause, the vagina may become drier, which may make engaging in sexual activity uncomfortable. Women could notice that their attitudes on sex are evolving.
  • Mood changes: Women going through menopause may become moodier or angrier. Scientists are baffled as to why this occurs. These mood swings may be brought on by stress, family changes like ageing parents or expanding children, a history of depression, or simply being exhausted.
  • The body may modify the way it uses energy, fat cells may shift, and women may find it easier to put on weight. Women may have stiffness and pain in their muscles and joints, as well as memory issues.

Effects of menopause on women health?

  • Serious and unanticipated physiological obstacles: As levels of the hormone oestrogen fall, their chance of developing heart disease is increased more than that of males. Even the total cholesterol levels are higher in women than in men.
  • Strangely, even menopausal women do not seem to be concerned about their life risks because they fall victim to vanity and focus more on problems with their body image, sexuality, and self-esteem. Some people quickly turn to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), which is not quite an anti-aging panacea and frequently causes fatal adverse effects like breast and uterine cancer. However, if women were to be less anxious about exhausting their bodies to make a point, these raised risk factors may be decreased.

Conversation over menopause

  • In India, though, menopause is a far cry, frequently pent up in whispered chats among women in the office restroom. In India, parenting is considered as a huge career barrier for women.
  • UK Parliament took a forward move by commissioning a study that revealed one in three women missed work because of menopause.
  • Italy and Australia are in discussion of including menopause into ethical standards for the workplace.
  • EU Parliament: The EU Parliament recently released a statement in which it stated that the failure to address menopause as a workplace issue is increasingly resulting in inadequate protection for female workers and the early exit of women from the labour markets, increasing the risk of women’s economic dependence, poverty, and social exclusion, as well as contributing to the loss of women’s knowledge, skills, and experience, as well as leading to significant economic losses.

@the-end

Consideration for women’s concerns would be more important than a discussion about whether they should be granted additional benefits given that they will experience this biological phase for at least eight years during their working lives.

Categories
Science & Tech Security Issues

Bluebugging??

Many cellphones’ Bluetooth settings are set to discovery mode by default, which makes it simple for hackers to access the phones when they are less than 10 metres away from the device. This is accomplished via a technique known as bluebugging.

About

  • It is a type of hacking that enables attackers to gain access to a device through a Bluetooth connection that can be discovered.
  • Once a device or phone has been “bluebugged,” a hacker has access to the contacts on it and can steal and alter them, as well as listen to and transmit messages.
  • Attacks known as “bluebugging” prey on Bluetooth-capable equipment.
  • Once a connection has been made, hackers can disable authentication by using brute force assaults. To gain unauthorised access to the compromised device, they could install malware on it.
  • After being hacked, the attacker has access to your contacts and can change them or take them.
  • These attacks can affect any Bluetooth-enabled gadget, including wireless earphones.
  • Anytime a Bluetooth-enabled device is within a 10-meter range of the hacker, bluebugging can occur. Hackers can also extend their attack range by using booster antennas.

Devices at risk

  • Any gadget that supports Bluetooth can be blue-bugged. Such hacks can also affect wireless earbuds. Conversations can be recorded via apps that let users connect to TWS (True Wireless Stereo) devices or earphones.

How may bluebugging be avoided?

  • Using a VPN as an additional security step and disabling Bluetooth when not in use are further security measures that can be used. Other security measures include updating the system software on the device.
  • Keep an eye out for jarring jumps in data usage.
Categories
Polity

Amendment to Registration of Birth & Death Act, 1969

Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) proposed a Bill to amend the RBD Act, 1969, which is anticipated to be introduced during the upcoming winter session of the parliament. 

Need

  • Centralized Database: The changes recommended aim to consolidate all databases onto a single platform.
  • Helpful for creating the NPR and NRC: If the changes are put into effect, the Center could use the information to update the National Population Register (NPR), which was created in 2010 and updated in 2015 via door-to-door enumeration.
  • The NPR is the first stage toward the construction of a National Register of Citizens (NRC), and it now contains a database of 119 crore inhabitants. 

Key Provisions of the draft Bill

Birth Certificates

  • The Central government is recommending that birth certificates become a requirement for employment with the Central and State governments, inclusion on voter lists, issuance of driving licences and passports, and entrance into educational institutions.

Data storage and linking to electoral rolls

  • When someone turns 18 or passes away, the centrally stored data will be updated in real time without the need for a human interface, resulting in addition and deletion from the electoral roll, respectively. 

Death certificates

  • • In addition to the relative of the deceased, hospitals and medical facilities must give the local registrar a copy of all death certificates that list the cause of death.

Registration mandatory

  • Despite the fact that the RBD Act of 1969 already makes birth and death registration mandatory and that breaking this law is criminal, By making registration necessary to access essential services like school entrance and marriage registration, the government hopes to increase compliance. 

Significant Features of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969

  • Births include both live births and stillbirths, and there is a uniform law requiring the reporting and registration of all births and deaths that take place within the nation [Section 1 (2)].
  • Specifies the roles and responsibilities of officials at the federal, state, local, and district levels in implementing the Act’s provisions [Sections 3, 4, 6 and 7].
  • The Registrar must record birth and death occurrences at the location of the occurrence and within her or his jurisdiction [Section 7(2)].
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